上冻的美味 上冻的水果
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???????????? ????????? ?????? (1926–1947) ![]() |
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??????????? ??????????? |
H2.00.05.1.00001 ![]() |
FMA |
14070 ![]() |
??? MeSH |
A02.633.570 ![]() |
???? MeSH |
D009130 ![]() |
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C1267092 ![]() |
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???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ????? (????? 2–10 ??????) ????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????.
??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ????, ??????, ??? ??? ?????.
???? ???, ????? ????? ???, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? (crossbridge) ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??. ?? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????.
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???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????-???, ????? ?? 2–10 ?????? (??????? ?-10–100 ?????? ????? ????). ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? paracrine – ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? (dense bodies), ??????? ?? ?????? (???????? ????) ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? – ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ???. ???? ?????????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? – ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????.
????? ?????????
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????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ????? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?-myosin light-chain kinase. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????.
???? ??????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ????? ????? ????? ????.
- ????? ???? ??????????, ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????????.
- ??????? ?????-????????? ???? ?-myosin light-chain kinase ?????? ?? ??????.
- ?????? ??????? myosin light-chain kinase ????? ?-ATP (??????? ???????) ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????.
- ??? ??????? ???? ??????.
???? ????? ?-ATP ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? (cross bridge cycle), ??? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ???, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ??-??????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???-??????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? myosin light-chain phosphatase, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?-activated kinase ?? ?? ?? ???-??????????? ?? ??? ?-phosphatase, ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ???-??????????? ?? ??? ?-phosphatase ?? ?? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?-activated kinase, ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?-ATP ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??-??????????? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ATP ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? phosphorylated bridges. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ATP ????????.
?????? ???? ????? ????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????:
- ???? ??????????? (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, SR).
- ???? ???? ???-????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????.
???? ????? ?? ?-SR: ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ???, ??? T-tubuli ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ????. ????? ??-SR ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??-SR ?? ???.
???? ?? ?-SR ???? ?? ???? ???? ???-?????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???, ???, ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????.
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????.
?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]???? 5 ????? ???????? ?? ?????:
- ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.
- ??????????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????.
- ????????.
- ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????-??? ????? ?? ????? ???.
- ???.
????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????. ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??-????????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?? ??, ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???? Pacemaker Potential (???????? ????).
??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????????????, ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? (Varicosities). ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???. ???? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ???, ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????????, ?? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ???? – ??????, ????????? ???????? (Inositol trisphosphate) ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??-SR, ?????? ?????? ????? – ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????.
??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? (??????????????? ?????????), ???????, ????? ????, ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????-???, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????.
????? ?? ?????? ?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????:
???? ??? ??-?????? (Single-unit smooth muscle)
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]
??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ???-?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ????? – ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? gap-junction, ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ???-?????? ?? pacemaker cells, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ??gap-junction ?????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? pacemakers cells (?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????). ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???-?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??? ??-??????: ????, ??????, ??? ?? ?????.
???? ??? ??-?????? (Multiunit smooth muscle)
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ??-????????, ????? ???? ??? ??-?????? ?? ??? (?? ????) gap-junction – ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??-?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????. ??, ????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????, ???, ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??-?????????, ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??-??????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??-?????? (?????? ???-??????). ??????? ????? ??? ??-??????: ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????.
?????? ?????
[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- Eric P. Widmaier, Hershel Raff, Kevin T. Strang, Vander's human physiology: the mechanisms of body function, McGraw-Hill, 2006
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[????? ??? ???? | ?????]- ???? ??? ???? University of Illinois at Chicago
??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ????? ???? ??????
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???, ????? ???? ??????
- ???? ???, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)